Berlin - The Reichstag

I am not a big fan of government buildings. I try to avoid garish displays of uncritical nationalism, and capitals usually offer that in abundance. But the historical and architectural significance of The Reichstag made it a capital that I wanted to see.

Construction on the Reichstag began in 1884, thirteen years after German unification. Paul Wallot’s as a neo-baroque design was inspired by Philadelphia’s Memorial Hall. The building was completed in 1894 and opened as home to Germany’s Bundestag. After World War I, as Germany transformed from a parliamentary monarchy to a republic, the Reichstag served as the seat of Germany’s government.

 

The REichstag - 1932, Bundesarchiv, Bild 102-13744 / CC-BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

On February 27, 1933, one month after Adolf Hitler was named Chancellor, the Reichstag was gutted by an arson fire. The Nazi government blamed communists and used the fire as a reason to suspend most civil liberties in the country. While many historians at the time also blamed communists, today the general belief is that the Nazi’s burned down the building in order to create chaos and grab a strong hold on power. In fact, the Nazi’s never reinstated the civil liberties that were taken away by the Reichstag Fire Decree.

The building was not repaired during the Nazi regime, and then sustained more damage during World War II both by air raids and when the Red Army fought their way into Berlin. In 1945, the Reichstag was a symbolic target for capture, and there is an iconic photograph by Yevgeny Khaldei, of a soldier raising the Soviet flag over the building.

After World War II, with Germany divided, there was a question of where to put the capitals. West Germany chose Bonn, and East Germany chose Berlin. Since the Reichstag was in the American sector, they were not able to use it for their parliament, and it sat vacant. No repairs were carried out until 1961. When the building was repaired, it was not returned its architectural beauty, instead, it became a place ceremonial meetings and one-off events. This was the situation until German reunification in 1990.

In 1992, British architect, Sir Norman Foster, won a competition to redesign and rebuild the Reichstag. Construction began in 1996. The entire building was gutted and a new meeting hall for Germany’s Bundestag was built within its original walls. Atop the Bundestag Hall a large glass dome was constructed. The dome is 40 m (90 ft) in diameter and 23.5 m (50 ft) tall. The center of the has a tower of mirrors that serves two purposes. It provides light to the hall below. It is also a ventilation tower, allowing warm air to rise up and out of the building, even using this air flow to generate electricity for the building. At the center of the dome is a pictorial exhibit of the Reichstag’s architectural and political history.

 

The Reichstag Dome

Tower of Mirrors

Looking down into the Bundestag

The real draw of the dome is its double-helix ramp to the top. A free audio-guide will fill in the visual and historical details as you climb to the apex. The guide points out the key sights along with their, and the city’s, history. One cool aspect of the tour is that it is triggered automatically by your position on the ramp. So you can walk at your own speed. Stop to take photos. Enjoy the view. The audio-guide will wait for you to get to the next spot.

 

Platz der Rebuplik

Reflections

Brandenburg Gate from the helix

On the helix

There is also a large terrace on the roof-top, with places to sit and enjoy the day. You can look out across the Tiergarten or watch people enjoying the day on the grass in the Platz der Republik. There is also a roof-top restaurant where you can enjoy lunch. Reservations are recommended.

Entrance to the Reichstag is free, but tickets MUST BE RESERVED IN ADVANCE. There are two ways to do this. You can reserve on-line tickets at least 2 weeks ahead of time by going to this site. You can book a visit for any time between 0800 and 2400. Or, if, like me, you don’t plan that far in advance, you can go to the kiosk across the of Scheidemannstrasse from the Platz der Republik and book tickets for any open times during the next three days. SAME DAY TICKETS ARE NOT AVAILABLE. You will need photo ID when you book tickets and when you arrive at the Reichstag. Make sure you get to the welcome center 15-30 minutes before your scheduled time, as you will have to go through airport style security to enter the building.

Getting There:

While there is a Bundestag station on the S55 line, this train only runs about once/hour. The next closest stations are the Brandenburg Tor and Friedrikstrasse stations. Each on has frequent service by many train lines.

Berlin's Museum Island hold many treasures of the ancient world

Ishtar Gate at the Pergamon Museum

Any discussion of visiting art works in Berlin must start with a look at Museum Island. This collection of five museums in the middle of the Spree River is home to a vast collection of art and artifacts dating from ancient times through the end of the 19^th century. There are five buildings currently on the island. The oldest, the Altes was built in 1830, while the newest is the Pergamon which opened in 1930. Each houses a different part of the State Collection and is worth a trip. To see them all would probably take a full day, at least. I came had two specific exhibits   I wanted to explore, but I found a lot more.

The Bode Museum

The Bode

I started my visit at the Bode Museum. The building opened in 1904 as the Kaiser-Fredrick Museum, and it was renamed in 1956 after its first curator, Wilhem von Bode. I chose this museum to start because I think it is the most beautiful building on the island. The interior underwent a major renovation between 1997 and 2006, but its

The main entrance hall to the Bode

exterior details are intact, restored after World War II. The most striking feature to me are the two domes, on at either end of its interior galleries. The entrance, at the northern tip of the island, brings you into a hall under the large cupola. A statue of Kaiser Fredrick III has center stage in this hall, but the large dome is the real star.

Under the small cupola

The Bode houses the Byzantine and numismatic collections of Stadtmuseum, and the exhibit halls are filled with wonderful pieces, but the curators have taken advantage of the ongoing renovations of Museum of Ethnography to put together a fascinating exhibit – Beyond Compare. The curators have grouped together African pieces with European pieces from the Bode of similar themes. Their idea is to demonstrate not just how themes are universal, but how a colonial, Eurocentric view of art led works from other places to be treated as less worthy than their European counterparts.

The Basilica

Comparison of masks

Religious figures

The Pergamon Museum

 

Detail of a bull on the Ishtar Gate

  The Pergamon houses the Islamic and Near-Eastern collections, along with three of the largest pieces in the stadtmuseum – The Ishtar Gate, The Miletus Market Gate and the Pergamon Altar.

The second floor is home to the Islamic Art Collection. Here you will find wonderful examples of art and home design, mostly from Egypt and Iran (Persia). One of the

Detail from the Allepo Room

most interesting pieces is the Aleppo Room. These interior walls were created in the early part of the 17^th century CE for the home of a Christian merchant in the city of Aleppo in the Ottoman Empire (now Syria). Measuring a total of 35 m in length, these wood panels are decorated with Middle-Eastern motifs and quotes from the Bible and the Koran.

Another piece that I loved was prayer niche from the Bey Hakim Mosque in the Ottoman empire. The mosque was constructed during the 13^th century CE.  The prayer niche served two purposes. It was

Prayer Niche

built indicating the direction of Mecca, and thus show the direction that the worshipers should face during prayers. Its shape also served to amplify the voice of the imam leading prayers. This was important and the imam, who also faces toward Mecca and away from the members of the mosque.  

While there are excellent pieces in the Islamic art collection, the highlights of the Pergamon Museum are on the first floor of the building. They are the large, architectural objects that were brought to Germany during the early part of the 20^th century. Let’s start with the Ishtar Gate. This entrance to the city of Babylon was built in 575 BCE by King Nebuchadnezzar II. It was dedicated to the goddess Ishtar, and played a key role in the New Year celebrations, which took place

around the vernal equinox. This is only the smaller, outer gate, but a nearby model shows the entirety of the wall and passage-way, along with the approach. The presentation here is a reconstruction, incorporating both original pieces and bricks cast in modern times to recreate what existed. The wall was covered with bricks that had a dark blue enamel on one side, meant to mimic the color of lapis lazuli. The walls were decorated with reliefs of lions, bulls and dragons. The Ishtar Gate also includes a cuneiform inscription that begins as follows:

Cuneiform inscription

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, the pious prince appointed by the will of Marduk, the highest priestly prince, beloved of Nabu, of prudent deliberation, who has learnt to embrace wisdom, who fathomed Their (Marduk and Nabu) godly being and pays reverence to their Majesty, the untiring Governor, who always has at heart the care of the cult of Esagila and Ezida and is constantly concerned with the well being of Babylon and Borsippa, the wise, the humble, the caretaker of Esagila and Ezida, the first born son of Nabopolassar, the King of Babylon, am I.

Model of the Ishtart Gate and its approach

This must have been an awe-inspiring entrance to the city. Blue was a rare color in ancient times, so approach this huge blue façade must have been a unique experience for visitors. I often feel that our movies and have done a disservice to history. So many ancient structures have been presented as dusty and gray or brown. The reality was often very different. Statues in in ancient Rome and Greece were often painted and structures were often decorated in ways that were not shown on tv or the big screen.

Market Gate of Melitus

Once you have taken the time to fully appreciate the Ishtar Gate, walk through the door at the center and you pass from Babylon to the Roman Empire. The Market Gate of Melitus is a marble structure that is over 16 m tall and 30 m wide. It served as the southern gate-way to the agora in the town of Melitus, a Roman city in what is today Turkey. It was built in the 2^nd century CE and probably destroyed by an earthquake during the 10^th or 11^th century CE. As with the Ishtar Gate, the damage from the earthquake and the ravages of time have required that the museum create a reconstruction of this ancient gate, while much of the 2^nd level is the original material, the builders used many modern materials to recreate the lower level. That being said, the this is still an amazing structure. You can see the niches that contained statues of emperors and warriors, and the platforms that provided a view out over the

Orpheus Mosaic

marketplace.  Also present in the hall is a mosaic tile floor depicting the story of Orpheus. The floor was probably in the dining room of house in Miletus. The central figure is recognized as Orpheus because he was known for his ability to entrance animals, and the floor is shows animals being tamed by Orpheus playing his lyre.

Unfortunately, the Pergamon Altar, which gives the museum its name, was unavailable when I visited. The building has been under-going a massive renovation, and that section was still not open. I will have to return, because the photos I have seen in other reviews of the Altar are magnificent.

The Neues Museum

The last piece that I wanted to see was in the Neues Museum. Originally built in 1857, here is the home to the Egyptian and Ancient Northern European collections. The building was heavily damaged during World War II and did not reopen until 2009.

 

The crowd around Nefertiti

The housing of Egyptian and Bronze Age European pieces under same roof makes for an interesting juxtaposition of experiences as you walk through a galley of bronze and steel swords and farming tools and turn the corner into a gallery of Egyptian statues. But the main reason to visit the Neues Museum is to view the Nefertiti Bust. Nefertiti was the wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, who ruled during the 14^th century BCE. The bust was believed to have been sculpted around 1345 BCE in the city of Armana, which was the capital of Egypt at the time. It was found in a workshop with several other busts that had yet been finished.

By No machine-readable author provided. Zserghei assumed (based on copyright claims). [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

The bust is in excellent condition, with colors that are still vibrant and only minimal damage. It is a unique and beautiful piece, presented in a corner gallery, alone, except for some background information. Photography is not allowed in the gallery, but the guards were quick to point out exactly where you could stand to try and get a shot, if the crowd breaks long enough to give a clear view.

A brief note on provenance and ownership of these pieces. There continues to be much controversy around the world over whether or not pieces that were taken, with or with the permission of the local governments at the time, should be returned to their country of origin. I do not present this review as endorsement of status quo. It is just a review of the art and architectural works in their current situation.

I did not visit the Altes Museum or the Alte Nationalgalerie on this trip. Berlin has so many choices, and I really wanted to see the Käthe Kollwitz Museum on the other side of the city, so I will have to catch up with what I missed on another trip.

Getting There:

The closest train stations are the Friedrickstrasse Station, the Oranienbergerstrasse station and the Hecksher Markt stations. They are all served by multiple U-bahn and S-bahn lines.